10:00

or beetles that lay their babies

10:02

inside, or wasps that chew

10:04

stumps to create nests, and

10:07

sometimes stumps break apart to create

10:09

whole new worlds. Sometimes

10:12

in the holes, like, you can

10:14

get water as well, so that

10:16

creates another microhabitat. Ugh! Like

10:18

a little pool, a little pond in the dead

10:20

tree. Yeah! And while

10:22

wasps and beetles might sound kind of annoying,

10:25

without them you'd lose pollinators and

10:28

little magicians that turn rot

10:31

into crucial nutrients for the forest

10:33

floor, and you'd lose food, crunchy

10:36

snacks for bigger creatures. In

10:38

short, without stumps and deadwood,

10:40

the forest ecosystem would pretty

10:43

quickly collapse.

10:47

Studies reckon that a healthy

10:49

forest needs 30% deadwood in

10:53

order to be a healthy forest. Wow!

10:57

That is so much of

10:59

the forest! Absolutely. But

11:02

Amanda was just getting started. She

11:05

would go on to spend the next 20 years

11:07

studying stumps, and

11:09

is now going to take us on

11:11

a tour to stumps, a world tour

11:13

of stumps doing things I would never

11:16

dream they could, saving lives, creating cities,

11:18

and even changing the sky.

11:22

That's brilliant, isn't it? The tour departs

11:25

the station? Right after this

11:27

short break. Radiolab

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11:59

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13:52

Terrestrials is supported by John Duvall,

13:54

author of the children's book The

13:56

Great Spruce. When Alex's

13:58

favorite tree, a great spruce planted by

14:01

his grandfather before he was born was at

14:03

risk of being taken away for a Christmas

14:05

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14:30

November 14th. Terrestrial

14:36

is back and I am lacing up my hiking

14:39

boots for a total of just stumps, three

14:41

stumps hidden on our planet that

14:43

aren't famous, but totally should be.

14:47

That's our stump lover, Amanda Thompson. Okay, Amanda,

14:49

where are you taking us for Stump One?

14:51

We're going to Illinois. Rural

14:54

Illinois to meet a stump

14:57

that changed the sky. I

14:59

am somewhere in southern Illinois. I'm looking out

15:01

at a bunch of

15:03

windmills just once

15:07

Amanda revealed the location, I hopped in

15:09

my car and drove for hours.

15:11

A lot of fields through

15:14

flat, kind of dry looking

15:16

industrial bean farms and corn

15:19

farms until, oh, I

15:21

turned off onto a little dirt road to meet with

15:23

a firefighter. Hey, it's great

15:26

to meet you. Named Tyler Funk,

15:28

who, well, discovered this

15:30

stump. So we are approaching Stump.

15:32

We're close. We walk

15:35

for a while on the mud and sprouts

15:37

of a bean farm until, yeah, it's kind

15:39

of gnarled and almost black,

15:41

really dark brown. We reach

15:44

a huge stump up

15:46

to my shoulders. Very typical, like, pretty

15:49

flat top. A little

15:51

bit of bird poop on it.

15:53

Now Tyler, like Amanda, didn't

15:55

think he cared about stumps. He was

15:58

way more into the life. There's a

16:00

lot of birding here. Yeah. Do you have

16:02

binocs? Birding. They're in here. Oh yeah, big

16:04

ones. Cool. On his way to

16:06

the fire station many mornings, he would get

16:08

up early and pull off onto the side

16:10

of the road to quietly observe the little

16:12

birds that came out of the brush. Sparrows.

16:15

And sweet little warblers

16:17

and finches, flitting

16:19

about in their natural habitat.

16:22

And then one day, in 2010, he saw something

16:24

very out of place. A

16:30

prairie falcon. Now

16:32

allow me a brief aside to tell you how

16:34

prairie falcons are the goblins of the sky. Most

16:36

raptors shoot down from above and grab their

16:38

prey in their talons. But a prairie falcon?

16:41

It's going so fast and it punches something

16:43

with his fists and it can just, I

16:45

don't want to be morbid, but it can

16:47

just basically disintegrate what it hits. Oh, so

16:50

it doesn't grab, it just punches? Yes. It's

16:52

just like hitting it with a hammer. Whoa.

16:55

Gnarly. Now,

16:57

for Tyler's half a century of birding,

16:59

he had never seen a prairie falcon

17:01

in Illinois before. Those birds

17:04

preferred the American West, where there were tons

17:06

of jagged cliffs and boulders off of which

17:08

they could perch and hunt prey. So

17:10

for years, Tyler and some other birders kept

17:13

scanning the sky, wondering if they'd ever see

17:15

it again. And every now and

17:17

then, over the years, they did. And

17:19

slowly, carefully, they tracked it to its

17:21

home base, which was... This

17:27

stump. This

17:29

huge stump in the middle of a farmer's

17:31

field. In

17:34

early mornings, Tyler would sit in

17:36

his car near the stump and,

17:38

like magic, the falcons so rarely

17:40

seen in these parts would appear

17:42

from the sky. You could just

17:44

watch him stretching his wings, yawning.

17:48

And hunting. The

17:50

stump made the perfect perch for the

17:52

falcon to scan for prey. Oh, yeah.

17:55

Tyler was amazed by the stump. But

17:58

he had, you know, fires to fire. Not

20:00

just a hotel for rodents and

20:02

birds and coyotes, but... Humans. Humans?

20:04

Yeah. So we're walking across a

20:07

field, kind of like a soccer field. There's

20:10

a little river to our

20:12

right. We sent the song bud Alan and

20:14

producer Anna to go check it out. There

20:16

it is. Straight ahead

20:18

is this large...

20:21

Big wiry. Wiry white.

20:25

I love how this tree looks like it looks

20:27

old. All right, so we are going to roll back

20:29

to the 1700s. The

20:32

forest was dense with ancient oaks and

20:34

spruces and maples. It was

20:36

the absolute wilderness. Huge trees.

20:38

This is Jean Thorn, a wildlife

20:40

biologist who is probably the world

20:42

expert on this one particular stump. Yeah.

20:45

And the story goes that running through that forest

20:48

were two brothers who

20:50

were trying to escape. Now

20:52

this was way back before the United States was a

20:54

country and the British were trying to colonize the land

20:57

and those two brothers were scouts in the British army,

20:59

but they didn't want to fight anymore. So

21:01

they'd abandoned their posts and ran into

21:04

the forest as fugitives. And

21:06

as they ran, they were looking for a place to

21:09

hide from them. Copperheads, rattlesnakes, mountain

21:11

lions. And of

21:13

course, the British army, they would be in

21:16

huge trouble, like executed trouble if they were

21:18

caught. And one day, these brothers...

21:20

Sam and John Pringle. They came to the

21:22

banks of a river and they saw...

21:26

Well, that's where they found the

21:28

hollow sycamore tree. A

21:30

massive, hollow stump with bright white

21:32

bark. It was over 11 foot high, 11 foot wide.

21:36

It's the size of a bedroom and an

21:39

apartment. Wow. So

21:41

tentatively, they climbed inside.

21:44

I can't believe how deep that goes. I can't

21:46

believe you're standing up right now. Oh, easy

21:48

too. Like, I can put my arms straight up in the

21:50

air and I am not touching the

21:52

top. And they liked it. It was

21:54

warm, cozy. It

21:57

smells like a fresh forest floor. Yeah, I

21:59

know. It is.

22:01

So, they decided to move in

22:03

and almost immediately began tricking out

22:05

their stump. Welcome to

22:07

MTV Cribs Stumps Edition. Today we

22:10

got the Pringle Brothers. Let's check

22:12

out this stump. First

22:14

we got the bed. Mattress made a

22:16

lead. Layers of fur hides. Fuzzy. They

22:19

use their hides for blankets. Mad. Cozy.

22:22

And check out this door. Made out

22:24

of bark. Custom made. Tanned skins to

22:27

keep the winter weather out. No, and

22:29

no stump is complete without a lit

22:31

fireplace for cooking up gamey stews. Ooh.

22:34

Where's all that smoke gonna go? A little opening

22:36

at the top where the smoke went up and

22:38

out. It's just like a chimney. See

22:41

you next time. See you next time. Wait,

22:43

but so if you were to like walk through the forest

22:46

and you come across this kind of

22:48

giant 11 foot tall stump and

22:50

there'd be like a little trail

22:53

of smoke coming out the top? Yeah. So

22:55

you'd have a smoky smell. Okay, I mean, I'm

22:58

picturing them in there. They've got like meat jerky

23:01

hanging on the walls. Are

23:03

wolves and bears and other critters

23:05

not drawn to that smell? Now

23:07

that's a really interesting question. Because

23:11

apparently one day a bear did attack. Well,

23:13

after Sam had tried to shoot it. He

23:16

had big red

23:18

eyes and there was these snarls of saliva

23:20

coming out of his mouth. Me and it

23:23

turns out is also a historical reenactor who

23:25

will sometimes dress up as Sam Pringle and

23:27

tell the legend of that bear attack as

23:29

though he was Sam himself. So I drew

23:31

my knife out and by that time he

23:34

had hit me and got me down on

23:36

the ground and he was chewing

23:38

on me. And I sunk

23:41

that knife behind his shoulder and

23:44

I blacked out right then. A

23:48

few hours later. John, he found me.

23:50

Samuel! Laying on the

23:52

ground and he had to literally carry me

23:55

down off of the hill and

23:57

into our tree and he laid me

23:59

down and put a blanket on me and tucked

24:01

me up. Good brother, John. Great brother. Sam's little

24:03

brother knew he was going to have to hike

24:05

hundreds of miles to the nearest town to find

24:08

supplies. So he left

24:10

Sam there all winter long,

24:12

vulnerable, aching, the snow swirling

24:14

outside, protected by the

24:17

stump. And after

24:19

months... I was running out of

24:21

food. It was getting critical. But

24:24

then, one glorious day... Back over

24:26

the mountains, here came John, and

24:28

he was refreshed with good news.

24:32

The war was over, and

24:34

so the British Army was no longer looking for

24:37

us. So they were safe

24:39

to move to a nearby town. Sam

24:41

got married, they moved into a house, but

24:44

after just a little bit of time, he

24:46

realized he missed his stump. So

24:49

he convinced his wife and some friends

24:52

to return. The

24:54

pioneers came over the mountain with him, and

24:56

they all lived in that tree until they

24:58

got their cabins built. So there were several

25:00

families actually that lived in there for a

25:02

time period. So how many people do you

25:04

think in that one stump? About

25:07

10 to 12 people that would have been inside

25:09

there. Yeah. That's a tight

25:11

pack. The

25:13

stump sheltered them as Sam Pringle and his

25:16

friends built cabin after cabin, which would eventually

25:18

turn into the city of Buck Cannon, which

25:20

now has over 5,000 people. And

25:23

alongside the river that flows through the town is

25:25

a park where the stump used to be. And

25:28

right near it is a hollow sycamore tree

25:30

that they have named the Pringle Tree. Pass

25:33

me a Pringle, Pringle. We

25:36

are in the Pringle Tree, and

25:38

we are eating... Pringles.

25:41

Pringles. Cheers. Cheers.

25:49

It tastes better in the tree. They

25:52

taste better in the tree. They sound better in the tree. All

26:00

right, we have visited the magic stump that changed

26:02

the sky, the Pringle stump that birthed the city.

26:04

Amanda, where are we going for our final stump

26:06

stop? We're going to Wales. Wales,

26:10

a small seaside nation in the UK, where

26:12

in 2014 a mighty

26:15

tempest rolled through. There

26:17

was wind and fog and lightning. The

26:20

waves swelled high into the sky.

26:23

Very choppy. But when

26:25

the storm finally passed? There

26:28

are rows from the water, all

26:30

these mysterious structures. Dozens

26:32

of black pointy protrusions

26:35

that looked like sharks fins. But

26:38

upon closer inspection? It turned out they

26:40

were stumps. Petrified

26:42

snags and stumps. Petrified

26:44

meaning hardened. Fossilized into

26:47

this forest of preserved

26:49

deadwood poking out from

26:51

the sea. People

26:54

came from all over to wander

26:57

through these ghost trees. And

26:59

as they did, they noticed that in

27:01

the fossilized dirt, there

27:03

were... Human footprints of

27:06

children and adults. From

27:09

more than 5,000 years ago. Scientists

27:12

analyzed the footprints and learned

27:14

that this area, which was

27:16

deep underwater, used to be

27:18

a human civilization. And

27:22

the wild part is this scientific

27:24

data held in the stumps echoed

27:26

an ancient legend from Wales.

27:28

A sort of local fairy tale

27:31

about a great town that

27:33

was swallowed up by the ocean. Now

27:37

no one really knew if that story was true or

27:39

not. But the stumps offered

27:41

up a pretty good guess. I

27:44

think there's a lot of histories if you start

27:47

to pay attention to looking

27:49

at a tree and what you see

27:51

in them. Well,

27:59

that's it. That concludes Amanda's tour to stumps. Just

28:02

being so lovely to spend time talking

28:04

about stumps with you, Lulu. Oh, it's

28:06

been the best! And that was only

28:08

three stumps out of all the stumps

28:10

we've written about, out of all the

28:12

stumps on the planet. Yeah. There

28:15

are also redwood stumps that kind

28:17

of fight forest fire with their

28:19

special thick bark and stumps that

28:21

shelter baby bats like woody nurseries

28:23

and a stump in Tanzania that

28:25

keeps shooting out new life. Yeah.

28:29

And there are probably so many

28:31

more secrets and powers waiting

28:33

in the dead looking parts

28:36

of the forest. Absolutely. I'm

28:38

still learning. I haven't finished yet, but

28:40

I don't know where I'm going to go next. If

29:02

you're a stump or a snag, you're fabulous dead wood.

29:04

You make me glad the way only a stump

29:06

could. I know there's more to you than meets the

29:08

eye. No lie, you sure got me mystified. I

29:10

try to get to the root of it. Oh, I'm

29:13

out on a limb. I can't leave it alone. Hot

29:15

shot. I want to know what you got. Deadwood. I

29:17

want to watch you rot. One,

29:20

two, three, four.

29:28

Hardcore arbor. A tree corpse on the forest

29:31

floor. Check out the stump. Yeah, that's what

29:33

I'm looking for. Yeah, you're

29:35

so alive. What more could anybody want from me? One and

29:37

only STUMP. Oh, I'm out on a limb. I'm out on

29:39

a limb. I'm out on a limb. Yeah, you're so alive.

29:41

What more could anybody want from me? E

30:00

l a, and gofinsky. Ilove

30:12

gofinsky, everyone. Bring her down to the house,

30:14

with the materials that make the house. The

30:16

wood. The stumps. The

30:18

planks. The snags. And that's it. There's

30:22

nothing else cool about it. What's

30:24

that? Excuse me. I have

30:26

a question. Me too. Me

30:28

three. Listeners,

30:32

with badgering questions, we're the experts.

30:34

Are you ready? Yeah. Hey, my

30:37

name is Joe. I am 29 years old. My

30:39

question is, does the stump know that

30:41

the rest of the tree is gone? That's

30:44

quite sad. And quite

30:46

existential. Maybe it's just living

30:49

its own moment. My

30:51

name is Elise. I'm six years

30:53

old. Can trees get bandaged for

30:55

snags? You're gonna have

30:58

to ask a scientist about that question.

31:00

Okay. Gene? Yeah,

31:02

they can. There's people that make a

31:04

living. They call themselves tree surgeons. And

31:08

if you get a broken branch off,

31:10

you can actually go and wrap it

31:12

up with a band-aid. Wow. And

31:15

kind of a tarry-like substance goes

31:18

underneath to keep the moisture from

31:20

getting inside and causing rot. Wow.

31:23

I wonder if those tree surgeons had to take a Hippocratic oak.

31:27

Hi, my name is Sia. I'm 12 years

31:29

old. My question is, do bears scratch themselves

31:31

on dead wood or only on trees that

31:33

are alive? For the

31:35

most part, they choose live trees.

31:38

They're getting rid of their winter coat,

31:40

so they'll rub up and down the

31:42

tree and take that fur off. The

31:46

other thing that happens, they're trying to

31:48

rub and get ticks dislodged and off

31:50

of themselves. And

31:53

there's been some research that the

31:55

oils off of birch trees and

31:57

pine resin are actually a

31:59

tick-reel. smart! Hi,

32:04

my name is Mark. I'm 33 years old and I'm joined by

32:06

Stumpfies and Me!

32:10

ages 5 and 2. And we'd like to

32:12

know, why do we say we are stumped when

32:14

we run into a question we can't answer? Hmm,

32:19

is it because of the shape of the

32:21

stump? You can't see

32:23

the kind of a way to branch

32:25

off into your thinking. I

32:29

have been stumped. Well,

32:31

that is the most perfect place to leave

32:33

it. Biggest thanks

32:35

again to Amanda Thompson. If you

32:37

would like to read her beautiful

32:40

writing, check out her

32:42

book Belonging. There is a lot

32:44

in there about tree stumps, other

32:46

overlooked things, and people. And

32:48

it's got a gorgeous painting of

32:51

a hollow stumpy snag on the front.

32:53

Again, that's Belonging by Amanda Thompson. Terrestrials

32:56

was created by me, Lulu Miller

32:58

with WNYC Studios. This

33:00

episode was produced by Ana Gonzalez,

33:03

Mira Burtwin-Tonic, Alan Gafinski, Joe Plourde,

33:05

and me, with help from Tanya Challa,

33:07

Sarah Sandbach, and Valentina Powers. Fact checking

33:09

by Natalie Middleton. Support for Terrestrials is

33:12

provided by the Simons Foundation, the Arthur

33:14

Vining Davis Foundation, the Caliopeia Foundation, and

33:16

the John Templeton Foundation. Thank you! And

33:20

also wanted to give a big shout out to the documentary,

33:22

The Magic Stump. That

33:24

is how I learned about Tyler Funk's

33:26

Stump. Tyler Funk's Stump! In

33:29

Illinois, it's a great documentary. Bob Doolgan is

33:32

the filmmaker. You should go watch it. See

33:34

all the raptors and decent humans that,

33:36

you know, come pay homage to this

33:38

stump. That again is called The Magic

33:40

Stump. Finally, teachers.

33:43

We have free, free, free, free teaching

33:45

materials on our websites that go along

33:47

with many of the episodes. We

33:50

worked with PBS Learning Media to make sure

33:52

everything aligns with national standards. We've

33:54

got them for grades K through 8, and

33:57

they are free, and they are fun, and you can find

33:59

them. and print them out at radiolab4kids.org.

34:04

If you are liking what you're hearing over

34:06

here in Triastrials, please like and subscribe to

34:08

the podcast. It helps our chances of continuing

34:10

on like a tree

34:12

stump, giving more life and

34:15

audio stories to you. All

34:17

right, that'll do it. Thanks so much for listening. Catch

34:20

you in a couple spins with

34:22

this dirty old planet of

34:24

ours. Bye.

34:36

Then in the summer, there's almost always a barred

34:38

owl that you can hear from right here. And

34:41

they make a sound that is who

34:43

cooks for you, who cooks for you

34:45

all. And I'll do you

34:48

a little rendition of that. All

34:58

right. That is all from me this week on

35:00

here. I'm headed back to maternity leave. But

35:03

if you want to hear more Triastrials episodes,

35:05

new ones are dropping for the next few

35:07

months. Check out the Radiolab4Kids feed and

35:10

you'll see the Triastrials episodes. You can listen

35:12

to those. And if you make your way

35:14

through those, there's other stuff. There's old Radiolabs

35:16

about nature and about animals. And

35:18

it's just a family-friendly place you can go where you

35:20

know it's going to be G-rated and you're going to

35:22

get a story that will take you into

35:25

the natural world and kind of hopefully make you see

35:27

it really anew and where you might have some fun.

35:29

And where you might get a song stuck in your head that

35:32

you can't get out. In a deep

35:34

cold ocean, we swim alone, alone, alone.

35:37

A little misunderstood, but we're

35:39

at home. Yeah,

35:41

we may seem gross. Yeah, and

35:43

what's really fun this season, I actually don't know

35:46

if you know this lot, if you might, but

35:48

Alan, the song bud, Alan Gafinski, who writes all

35:50

the songs, he got really

35:52

into collaboration and there are

35:54

all these rock stars on the

35:56

songs this season. There's different episodes that

35:59

have different... different people. So

36:01

like a punk, if

36:03

you're into punk at all, Laura Jane

36:05

Grace is a pretty big name. She's

36:07

on one of them. Tasha, who's in

36:10

the Sufjan Stevens musical that's out right

36:12

now. Illinois is one of the main

36:14

people. This really cool harpist, timbre. But

36:16

yeah, so there's all kinds of different

36:18

genres, gorgeous voices, gorgeous instruments coming in

36:20

on the songs. I still unfortunately for

36:22

listeners sing on a couple of them,

36:25

but mostly it's talented musicians. So

36:27

yeah, there's good, there's great music. There's wild

36:30

stories and we are

36:32

very excited to share them with everybody. And

36:36

you are after this studio

36:39

session. You are going back to the pajamas.

36:42

Running back to my baby. To feed the baby. The

36:44

baby. Yeah, I'm going back. I'm maternity leave. And when

36:46

do you come back? And I come back in January.

36:49

Yep. That'll do it for today.

36:51

And then right on here, we will

36:54

return you to your regularly scheduled Radiolab.

36:56

More of that next week. Thanks for

36:58

listening. Hi,

37:02

I'm David and I'm from Baltimore,

37:04

Maryland. Radiolab was created by Jad

37:06

Abumrad and is edited by Sorin

37:09

Wheeler. Lulu Miller and Latif Nasser

37:11

are our co-hosts. Dylan Keith is

37:14

our director of sound design. Our

37:16

staff includes Simon Adler,

37:18

Jeremy Bloom, Becca Bressler,

37:21

W. Harry Fortuna, David

37:23

Gable, Maria Paz Gutierrez,

37:25

Sindhu Nyanam Sambandhan, Matt

37:28

Kielty, Annie McEwen, Rebecca

37:30

Lacks, Alex Neeson, Sara

37:32

Khari, Sarah Sandbach, Ariane

37:34

Wack, Pat Walters and

37:36

Molly Webster. Our fact

37:39

checkers are Diane Kelly,

37:41

Emily Krieger and Natalie

37:43

Middleton. Hi,

37:48

this is Ellie from Cleveland, Ohio. Leadership

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support for Radiolab science programming is

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a great spruce planted by his grandfather, is

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discovered by a group of people from the

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